apt-get(8)
NAME
apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface
SYNOPSIS
apt-get [-asqdyfmubV] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file]
[-t=target_release] [-a=architecture] {update | upgrade |
dselect-upgrade | dist-upgrade |
install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
remove pkg... | purge pkg... |
source pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
build-dep pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
download pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
check | clean | autoclean | autoremove | {-v | --version} |
{-h | --help}}
DESCRIPTION
apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be
considered the user's "back-end" to other tools using the APT library.
Several "front-end" interfaces exist, such as aptitude(8), synaptic(8)
and wajig(1).
Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below
must be present.
update
update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their
sources. The indexes of available packages are fetched from the
location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when
using a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the
Packages.gz files, so that information about new and updated
packages is available. An update should always be performed before
an upgrade or dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall
progress meter will be incorrect as the size of the package files
cannot be known in advance.
upgrade
upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages
currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
/etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new
versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no
circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages
not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of
currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without
changing the install status of another package will be left at
their current version. An update must be performed first so that
apt-get knows that new versions of packages are available.
dist-upgrade
dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade,
also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions
of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and
it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the
expense of less important ones if necessary. The dist-upgrade
command may therefore remove some packages. The
/etc/apt/sources.list file contains a list of locations from which
to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5) for
a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual
packages.
dselect-upgrade
dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian
packaging front-end, dselect(1). dselect-upgrade follows the
changes made by dselect(1) to the Status field of available
packages, and performs the actions necessary to realize that state
(for instance, the removal of old and the installation of new
packages).
install
install is followed by one or more packages desired for
installation or upgrading. Each package is a package name, not a
fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian system,
apt-utils would be the argument provided, not
apt-utils_1.4~beta2_amd64.deb). All packages required by the
package(s) specified for installation will also be retrieved and
installed. The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to locate the
desired packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with
no intervening space), the identified package will be removed if it
is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a
package to install. These latter features may be used to override
decisions made by apt-get's conflict resolution system.
A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by
following the package name with an equals and the version of the
package to select. This will cause that version to be located and
selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be
selected by following the package name with a slash and the version
of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing,
unstable).
Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and
must be used with care.
This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more
already-installed packages without upgrading every package you have
on your system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the
newest version of all currently installed packages, "install" will
install the newest version of only the package(s) specified. Simply
provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a
newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described
above) will be downloaded and installed.
Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an
alternative installation policy for individual packages.
If no package matches the given expression and the expression
contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX
regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the
database. Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that
matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches 'how-lo' and
'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression with
a '^' or '$' character, or create a more specific regular
expression.
remove
remove is identical to install except that packages are removed
instead of installed. Note that removing a package leaves its
configuration files on the system. If a plus sign is appended to
the package name (with no intervening space), the identified
package will be installed instead of removed.
purge
purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and
purged (any configuration files are deleted too).
source
source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine
the available packages to decide which source package to fetch. It
will then find and download into the current directory the newest
available version of that source package while respecting the
default release, set with the option APT::Default-Release, the -t
option or per package with the pkg/release syntax, if possible.
Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via
deb-src lines in the sources.list(5) file. This means that you will
need to add such a line for each repository you want to get sources
from; otherwise you will probably get either the wrong (too old/too
new) source versions or none at all.
If the --compile option is specified then the package will be
compiled to a binary .deb using dpkg-buildpackage for the
architecture as defined by the --host-architecture option. If
--download-only is specified then the source package will not be
unpacked.
A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source
name with an equals and then the version to fetch, similar to the
mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching
of the source package name and version, implicitly enabling the
APT::Get::Only-Source option.
Note that source packages are not installed and tracked in the dpkg
database like binary packages; they are simply downloaded to the
current directory, like source tarballs.
build-dep
build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt
to satisfy the build dependencies for a source package. By default
the dependencies are satisfied to build the package natively. If
desired a host-architecture can be specified with the
--host-architecture option instead.
check
check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks
for broken dependencies.
download
download will download the given binary package into the current
directory.
clean
clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files.
It removes everything but the lock file from
/var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/.
autoclean (and the auto-clean alias since 1.1)
Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved
package files. The difference is that it only removes package files
that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This
allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it
growing out of control. The configuration option
APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being
erased if it is set to off.
autoremove (and the auto-remove alias since 1.1)
autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically
installed to satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now no
longer needed.
changelog
changelog tries to download the changelog of a package and displays
it through sensible-pager. By default it displays the changelog for
the version that is installed. However, you can specify the same
options as for the install command.
indextargets
Displays by default a deb822 formatted listing of information about
all data files (aka index targets) apt-get update would download.
Supports a --format option to modify the output format as well as
accepts lines of the default output to filter the records by. The
command is mainly used as an interface for external tools working
with APT to get information as well as filenames for downloaded
files so they can use them as well instead of downloading them
again on their own. Detailed documentation is omitted here and can
instead be found in the file
/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/acquire-additional-files.txt shipped by the
apt-doc package.
OPTIONS
All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the
descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean
options you can override the config file by using something like
-f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.
--no-install-recommends
Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for
installing. Configuration Item: APT::Install-Recommends.
--install-suggests
Consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing.
Configuration Item: APT::Install-Suggests.
-d, --download-only
Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or
installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download-Only.
-f, --fix-broken
Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place.
This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages
to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are
specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option
is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT
itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a
system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be
so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually means
using dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages).
Use of this option together with -m may produce an error in some
situations. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Broken.
-m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing
Ignore missing packages; if packages cannot be retrieved or fail
the integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold
back those packages and handle the result. Use of this option
together with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a
package is selected for installation (particularly if it is
mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then
it will be silently held back. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Fix-Missing.
--no-download
Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with
--ignore-missing to force APT to use only the .debs it has already
downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download.
-q, --quiet
Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress
indicators. More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2.
You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the
configuration file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y; you should
never use -qq without a no-action modifier such as -d, --print-uris
or -s as APT may decide to do something you did not expect.
Configuration Item: quiet.
-s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act
No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur based on
the current system state but do not actually change the system.
Locking will be disabled (Debug::NoLocking) so the system state
could change while apt-get is running. Simulations can also be
executed by non-root users which might not have read access to all
apt configuration distorting the simulation. A notice expressing
this warning is also shown by default for non-root users
(APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note). Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Simulate.
Simulated runs print out a series of lines, each representing a
dpkg operation: configure (Conf), remove (Remv) or unpack (Inst).
Square brackets indicate broken packages, and empty square brackets
indicate breaks that are of no consequence (rare).
-y, --yes, --assume-yes
Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and
run non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as
changing a held package, trying to install a unauthenticated
package or removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will
abort. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-Yes.
--assume-no
Automatic "no" to all prompts. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Assume-No.
--no-show-upgraded
Do not show a list of all packages that are to be upgraded.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.
-V, --verbose-versions
Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions.
-a, --host-architecture
This option controls the architecture packages are built for by
apt-get source --compile and how cross-builddependencies are
satisfied. By default is it not set which means that the host
architecture is the same as the build architecture (which is
defined by APT::Architecture). Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Host-Architecture.
-P, --build-profiles
This option controls the activated build profiles for which a
source package is built by apt-get source --compile and how build
dependencies are satisfied. By default no build profile is active.
More than one build profile can be activated at a time by
concatenating them with a comma. Configuration Item:
APT::Build-Profiles.
-b, --compile, --build
Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Compile.
--ignore-hold
Ignore package holds; this causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed
on a package. This may be useful in conjunction with dist-upgrade
to override a large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item:
APT::Ignore-Hold.
--with-new-pkgs
Allow installing new packages when used in conjunction with
upgrade. This is useful if the update of a installed package
requires new dependencies to be installed. Instead of holding the
package back upgrade will upgrade the package and install the new
dependencies. Note that upgrade with this option will never remove
packages, only allow adding new ones. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Upgrade-Allow-New.
--no-upgrade
Do not upgrade packages; when used in conjunction with install,
no-upgrade will prevent packages on the command line from being
upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Upgrade.
--only-upgrade
Do not install new packages; when used in conjunction with install,
only-upgrade will install upgrades for already installed packages
only and ignore requests to install new packages. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Only-Upgrade.
--allow-downgrades
This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without
prompting if it is doing downgrades. It should not be used except
in very special situations. Using it can potentially destroy your
system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-downgrades. Introduced
in APT 1.1.
--allow-remove-essential
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to
continue without prompting if it is removing essentials. It should
not be used except in very special situations. Using it can
potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item:
APT::Get::allow-remove-essential. Introduced in APT 1.1.
--allow-change-held-packages
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to
continue without prompting if it is changing held packages. It
should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can
potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item:
APT::Get::allow-change-held-packages. Introduced in APT 1.1.
--force-yes
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to
continue without prompting if it is doing something potentially
harmful. It should not be used except in very special situations.
Using force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Configuration
Item: APT::Get::force-yes. This is deprecated and replaced by
--allow-downgrades, --allow-remove-essential,
--allow-change-held-packages in 1.1.
--print-uris
Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed.
Each URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size
and the expected MD5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will
not always match the file name on the remote site! This also works
with the source and update commands. When used with the update
command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the user
to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Print-URIs.
--purge
Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An
asterisk ("*") will be displayed next to packages which are
scheduled to be purged. remove --purge is equivalent to the purge
command. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge.
--reinstall
Re-install packages that are already installed and at the newest
version. Configuration Item: APT::Get::ReInstall.
--list-cleanup
This option is on by default; use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off.
When it is on, apt-get will automatically manage the contents of
/var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The
only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your sources
list. Configuration Item: APT::Get::List-Cleanup.
-t, --target-release, --default-release
This option controls the default input to the policy engine; it
creates a default pin at priority 990 using the specified release
string. This overrides the general settings in
/etc/apt/preferences. Specifically pinned packages are not affected
by the value of this option. In short, this option lets you have
simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved
from. Some common examples might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t
sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the
apt_preferences(5) manual page.
--trivial-only
Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be
considered related to --assume-yes; where --assume-yes will answer
yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Trivial-Only.
--no-remove
If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts
without prompting. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Remove.
--auto-remove, --autoremove
If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts
like running the autoremove command, removing unused dependency
packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove.
--only-source
Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates
that the given source names are not to be mapped through the binary
table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands
will only accept source package names as arguments, rather than
accepting binary package names and looking up the corresponding
source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source.
--diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only
Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only, APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and
APT::Get::Tar-Only.
--arch-only
Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only.
--allow-unauthenticated
Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about
it. This can be useful while working with local repositories, but
is a huge security risk if data authenticity isn't ensured in
another way by the user itself. The usage of the Trusted option for
sources.list(5) entries should usually be preferred over this
global override. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated.
--no-allow-insecure-repositories
Forbid the update command to acquire unverifiable data from
configured sources. APT will fail at the update command for
repositories without valid cryptographically signatures. See also
apt-secure(8) for details on the concept and the implications.
Configuration Item: Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories.
--show-progress
Show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when
packages are installed, upgraded or removed. For a machine parsable
version of this data see README.progress-reporting in the apt doc
directory. Configuration Items: Dpkg::Progress and
Dpkg::Progress-Fancy.
--with-source filename
Adds the given file as a source for metadata. Can be repeated to
add multiple files. See --with-source description in apt-cache(8)
for further details.
-h, --help
Show a short usage summary.
-v, --version
Show the program version.
-c, --config-file
Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The
program will read the default configuration file and then this
configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before
the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the
APT_CONFIG environment variable. See apt.conf(5) for syntax
information.
-o, --option
Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary
configuration option. The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar. -o and
--option can be used multiple times to set different options.
FILES
/etc/apt/sources.list
Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::SourceList.
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/
File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration
Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.
/etc/apt/apt.conf
APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::Parts.
/etc/apt/preferences
Version preferences file. This is where you would specify
"pinning", i.e. a preference to get certain packages from a
separate source or from a different version of a distribution.
Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Preferences.
/etc/apt/preferences.d/
File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.
/var/cache/apt/archives/
Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives.
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/
Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives (partial will be implicitly appended)
/var/lib/apt/lists/
Storage area for state information for each package resource
specified in sources.list(5) Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/
Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item:
Dir::State::Lists (partial will be implicitly appended)
SEE ALSO
apt-cache(8), apt-cdrom(8), dpkg(1), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-
config(8), apt-secure(8), The APT User's guide in
/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/, apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.
DIAGNOSTICS
apt-get returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.
BUGS
APT bug page[1]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see
/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or the reportbug(1) command.
AUTHORS
Jason Gunthorpe
APT team
NOTES
1. APT bug page
http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt
Free and Open Source Software